Objective In the post-Moore’s law era, the continuously growing demand for high-performance and low-power information processing has promoted the development of novel computing paradigms. Optical computing features outstanding advantages in parallel processing and energy efficiency, and has been regarded as one of the most competitive technical solutions to break through the bottlenecks of traditional electronic computing. At present, mainstream optical computing systems are mainly based on optoelectronic integrated architectures, which take the advantages of the multi-dimensional and nonlinear response of photons for highly parallel computing tasks, and rely on mature electronic chips for stable and precise regulation. As a critical interface component bridging all-optical computing and all-electronic computing, optoelectronic logic gates are indispensable for the implementation of hybrid computing systems. The development of optoelectronic logic gates with multi-dimensional input compatibility and unified device structure has become an important trend for highly integrated and efficient optoelectronic computing architectures.

Methods This paper establishes a photoelectric logic gate with multi-mode input. A few-layer black phosphorus is selected as the optical detection channel (Fig.1), and a symmetric Schottky structure with metal electrodes is used to form the logic gate device. The device undergoes photoelectric testing to verify its logic functions under different input conditions (Fig.3 and Fig.4). The device's anti-interference ability and its potential applications in communication transmission are demonstrated (Fig.5).

Results and Discussions The logic performances of the black phosphorus-based optoelectronic logic device under various input modes are systematically studied. Multiple basic logic functions are realized in a single device structure through different input strategies. XOR logic is achieved by all-optical input through high and low light intensity combinations, with an on-off ratio up to 260. AND logic is realized via polarization-programmed input by modulating light intensity and linear polarization angles of 0° and 90°, presenting an on-off ratio of 9.8. XOR and XNOR logic functions are obtained through electro-optical combined input by matching polarized light illumination or light-receiving area with source-drain bias voltage, where the XNOR gate shows an on-off ratio of 41.4. NOT logic is implemented under constant direct-current bias voltage by adjusting the polarization angle, achieving an on-off ratio of 144. OR logic is realized through specific bias and wavelength input by utilizing the wavelength-dependent absorption of black phosphorus at 520 nm and 1550 nm, with an on-off ratio of 14.4. Key operating conditions including zero bias for all-optical Exclusive-OR logic and 0.1 mV working voltage for AND logic are determined. The output current distinction between logic “1” and logic “0” is clearly verified. Detailed measurement procedures, current-voltage curves and logic truth tables are provided in Fig.3 and Fig.4.

Conclusions A single-device platform was designed based on few-layer black phosphorus, utilizing its inherent selective absorption characteristics for light intensity, polarization, and wavelength, to achieve optoelectronic logic operations compatible with multidimensional optical inputs. On this platform, five basic logic gates—XOR, OR, AND, XNOR, and NOT—were successfully integrated. Performance tests confirmed its excellent operational capability: the XOR gate achieved an on-off ratio of up to 260, while the relatively more challenging wavelength-based logic computation still reached an on-off ratio of 14.4. Anti-interference tests in optical communication decryption scenarios showed that even with 40% external interference current, the device could still maintain high distinguishability of the output current signal. This work provides a feasible approach to resolving the integration bottleneck of existing optoelectronic logic gates, effectively meeting the demands for highly integrated and reliable optical logic devices in the optical communication field.